서울대교구 시복시성위원회
(1922-2009)
◇ Birth and Childhood
Cardinal Stephen Kim Sou-hwan was born on May 8, 1922, by the lunar calendar (July 2 by the solar calendar) as the youngest child among four sons and two daughters of Joseph Kim Young-seok and Martina Seo Jung-ha who lived in Daegu (current address: 225-1, Namsan-dong, Jung-gu, Daegu, Korea). His baptismal name, given at his infant baptism, was Stephen, his clan origin is Gwangsan, and the pen-name he later adopted was Onggee (pot). His birth name was originally “Sou-han”, but it was mistakenly written as “Sou-hwan” on his birth certificate, which he would carry for the rest of his life.
The first person in Stephen Kim Sou-hwan’s family to embrace Catholicism was his grandfather, Kim Yo-an. He was arrested in Yeonsan in Chungcheong-do (currently Yeonsan-myeon, Nonsan-si, Chungcheongnam-do) during the Byeongin Persecution of 1869 and died a martyr after firmly witnessing to his faith. At that time, his grandmother, Kang Mal-son, was also arrested along with her husband, Kim Yo-an, but was released due to being pregnant. She later returned home and gave birth to a son, who would become Stephen Kim Sou-hwan’s father, Joseph Kim Young-seok.
Born after his father’s death, Joseph Kim grew up in hardship but remained devoted to the faith. As an adult, he made a living by selling pottery and later married Martina Seo, a devout Catholic from the Dalseong Seo clan, and moved to Daegu, where his wife’s family resided. However, as Japanese colonial regulations grew increasingly strict, he faced mounting difficulties in managing the pottery shop. It was around this time that his youngest child, Stephen Kim Sou-hwan, was born.
When Stephen Kim Sou-hwan was about three or four years old, his parents moved with their children to Seonsan, and when he was five, they moved again to Gunwi. His father, Joseph, who devoted himself to the faith, going so far as to offer his home as a mission station, passed away from illness while Stephen Kim Sou-hwan was in the first grade at Gunwi Public Primary School.
From that time on, his mother Martina took sole responsibility of sustaining the family and lived under difficult circumstances, yet she never neglected her children’s faith education. She especially expressed her hope for young Stephen Kim Sou-hwan and his older brother Carlos Dong-han, who was three years his senior, that they would become priests, and in accordance with this hope, Carlos entered the Preparatory course attached to St. Justin Catholic Seminary after completing the fourth grade at Gunwi Primary School. As a child, Stephen Kim Sou-hwan dreamed of learning how to run a business, becoming independent, and one day starting a family of his own, but he never had the heart to share this dream with his mother.[1]
◇ Seminary Life and Priestly Ordination
In April 1934, at the age of twelve, Stephen Kim Sou-hwan completed the fifth grade at Gunwi Primary School and transferred to the fifth grade at the Preparatory course attached to St. Justin Catholic Seminary, where his older brother was studying. Two years later, in April 1936, he entered the minor seminary course at Dongsung Commercial School in Seoul, where its major course offered the standard secondary school curriculum. However, he found it difficult to adapt to the strict discipline of school life, and since he had entered the school at the urging of his mother and older brother, he found no joy in it. As a result, he lacked conviction in pursuing the path of priesthood, even pretending to be ill in an attempt to get expelled, but his plan did not succeed.
As time passed and Stephen Kim Sou-hwan reached his third year, he came across various biographies of saints, which moved him deeply. It was these biographies that helped him take one step closer to becoming a priest. Among them, a particular saying by St. Thérèse of the Child Jesus resonated with him profoundly:
After graduating from minor seminary in March 1941, Stephen Kim Sou-hwan entered the preparatory course at Sophia University in Tokyo that April, and in September of the following year, he advanced to the Department of Philosophy in the college of Liberal Arts. This was based on the policy of seminarian formation of Bishop Germain Mousset, the Vicar Apostolic of Daegu. Among those who had a profound influence on Stephen Kim Sou-hwan during his university years was Father Theodore Geppert[3], a Jesuit missionary and his mentor. He never hesitated to give his advise to Stephen Kim Sou-hwan who was filled with strong resentment toward Japan, and also prayed for his safe return when he was forcibly conscripted as a student soldier in January 1944, the time when the Pacific War drew to its end.
Conscripted as a student soldier, Stephen Kim Sou-hwan was sent to Chichijima, a remote island far south of Tokyo. However, with the end of the war in 1945, he was finally freed and returned to civilian life. The following year, he stood as a witness in a war crimes trial held in Guam, and then returned to Korea through the port of Busan in January 1947. Meanwhile, his older brother Carlos Kim was ordained a priest on December 15, 1945 in Daegu.
In September 1947, Stephen Kim Sou-hwan transferred to Songsin University, the Major Seminary in Hyehwa-dong in Seoul. It was around this time that he began to keep “The Imitation of Christ” close at hand, which seminarians loved to read almost as much as the Bible, and tried to live according to its teachings. Meanwhile, what remained most memorable during his seminary years was the ceremony of the Tonsure, and among the words spoken during the rite that day, the phrase “The Lord God is my portion” was especially moving. It was a time filled with the pure passion of a seminarian.
On June 25, 1950 the Korean war broke out. After passing through Suwon and Daegu and moving down to Busan, he studied under Bishop John Choi Deok-hong, the Vicar Apostolic of Daegu, at a temporary seminary in Yeongdo with a junior colleague Florianus Cheung Ha Kwon, and was ordained a priest on September 15, 1951, the Feast day of Our Lady of Sorrows. He chose this date for his priestly ordination in the belief that the true path of a priest is to follow in the footsteps of Jesus, with quiet perseverance through suffering, just as Mother Mary had exemplified. His priestly ordination took place at Gyesan Cathedral in Daegu. The verse Father Stephen Kim Sou-hwan chose as his ordination motto was the following passage from the Psalms: “Have mercy on me, O God”. (Psalm 51:3)[4]
◇ Brief Pastoral Ministry and Studying abroad in Germany
Father Stephen Kim Sou-hwan’s first pastoral post was Andong Parish (currently Mokseongdong Cathedral). What first struck him in his new pastoral assignment was the poverty of the local residents. Due to wartime shortages and two consecutive years of poor harvests, they were literally surviving on roots and tree bark. After pondering for several days, he traveled to Busan to visit Mgr. George M. Carroll, the representative of the Korean branch of Catholic Relief Services, and returned to Andong with the funds he had received from him. Then Father Stephen Kim Sou-hwan began restoration work on the church and paid generous wages to the local residents who came to work, and also discreetly handed over cash to the impoverished faithful inside the confessional, strictly requiring them to keep it confidential.
Father Stephen Kim Sou-hwan held catechism classes every evening for catechumens and the faithful who lacked basic knowledge in the catechism. Whenever someone requested the Sacrament of Penance and the sacrament of the anointing of the sick, he gladly responded. In April 1953, just as he began to feel that he had become one family with the faithful by sharing their joys and sorrows, he was appointed as secretary of Vicar Apostolic Bishop John Choi Deok-hong. However, on December 14 of the following year, he suffered the loss of Bishop John Choi, and in March 1955, during Lent, he had to endure the sorrow of his mother Martina’s passing as well.
In June 1955, Father Stephen Kim Sou-hwan was appointed as pastor of Gimcheon parish and served for a little over a year before leaving for Germany in July 1956, where he began his studies that October. While serving as pastor of Gimcheon parish, he also naturally took on the role of principal of Seongui Middle School and Commercial High School, which was run by the parish. Rather than asserting authority, he interacted with students in a warm and approachable manner, and he eventually came to be affectionately nicknamed “kind and warmhearted Mr. Nose” by the students because his nose would twitch whenever he laughed.[5]
In Germany, he pursued his studies at Münster University, majoring in ‘Christian Sociology’, under the guidance of Professor Joseph Höffner, who had a considerable influence in broadening Father Stephen Kim Sou-hwan’s perspective on society and on shaping his understanding of humanity and the nation, based on Christian thought. In particular, the Second Vatican Council (1962-1965) served as an opportunity for him to deeply reflect on the relationship between the Church and society.
In the summer of 1962, Father Stephen Kim Sou-hwan encountered an unexpected obstacle. His academic advisor, Professor Joseph Höffner, had been appointed diocesan bishop of Münster and had to leave the school. Despite waiting for some time, no successor was assigned to supervise his research, and writing his thesis weighed heavily on him. After much deliberation, he gave up his degree and left Germany in November 1963 and returned home in May of the following year.[6]
◇ Appointment as the First Bishop of the Diocese of Masan and Episcopal Consecration
On June 5, 1964, Father Stephen Kim Sou-hwan was appointed president of the Catholic Newspaper (currently the Catholic Times). Although it was his first experience with the media industry, he worked with a strong sense of duty and soon developed the conviction that to be a Church for the world, religious media must communicate with the people. Later, reflecting on that time, he recalled, “it was perhaps the most passionate period of my life, wholeheartedly immersed into the work.”[7]
In March of 1966, Father Stephen Kim Sou-hwan hurriedly traveled up to Seoul after receiving an unexpected message from Archbishop Antonio del Giudice, the papal delegate to Korea, saying, “I would like to meet you, please come to Seoul.” “What could this be about?” The question that wouldn’t leave his mind during the trip to Seoul found its answer when Archbishop Giudice delivered unexpected news. “As of February 15, 1966, Pope Paul VI (reigned 1963-1978) has separated the Masan region from the Diocese of Busan and established it as a new diocese, and at the same time, he has appointed you as the first diocesan bishop of Masan.”
Bishop Stephen Kim Sou-hwan accepted the Pope’s decision in obedience, and, after consulting with those around him, set the date for his Episcopal Consecration. It was May 31st, the Memorial of the Queenship of the Blessed Virgin Mary (now celebrated on August 22). Remembering that he had been born as a priest on the Memorial Day of Our Lady of Sorrows, he wished to be reborn as bishop on the final day of the Month of Mary. He decided on “For you and for many (Pro Vobis et Pro Multis)” as his pastoral motto, taken from the Consecration of the Precious Blood .[8] It stemmed from the desire to become “bread for all,” offering everything for everyone, just as Jesus gave His body and blood for the sake of all humanity.
The Episcopal Consecration and the Installation of Bishop Stephen Kim Sou-hwan as the bishop of Diocese of Masan was presided by Archbishop Giudice on the sports field of Sungji Girls’ Middle and High School in Wanwol-dong of Masan. This marked the beginning of his life as bishop leading a rural diocese with 30,000 faithful and 21 parishes. Whenever he met the faithful, he made an effort to remind them that the layman, religious and priests are all the same people of God and sought to awaken them to the calling entrusted to them. So, he eventually formed a pastoral council involving the laity and encouraged the organization of a presbyteral council.
In September 1967, Bishop Stephen Kim Sou-hwan attended the First Ordinary General Assembly of the Synod of Bishops, as a representative of Korea, in place of Bishop Victorinus Yoon Gong-hee, Apostolic Administrator of the Archdiocese of Seoul. At the conference, he stood against the prevailing opposition to marriages between Catholics and non-Catholics and ultimately succeeded in securing approval for such mixed marriages through dispensation. He persuasively argued that, given the realities of the Korean Church and society as a mission territory, allowing such mixed marriages between Catholics and non-Catholics was both necessary and inevitable.
In December of that year, the Ganghwa Shimdo Textile Company incident occurred in Ganghwa-do, where the labor union legally established by members of the Korean Young Christian Workers (J.O.C), was suppressed. Having grasped the details of the incident, Bishop Stephen Kim Sou-hwan, who was then also serving as the president of the J.O.C. (Jeunesse Ouvriere Chretienne / Catholic Youth Workers), proposed to the college of bishops the convening of a special episcopal conference. As a result, the Bishops’ Joint Statement on Social Justice and the Protection of the Rights and Interests of Labor Workers was issued at a special episcopal conference on February 9, 1968, marking the Catholic Church’s first official declaration in Korea in support of human rights and social justice.[9]
◇ Appointment as Archbishop of Seoul and Elevation as Cardinal
One day in April 1968, not long after the resolution of the Shimdo Textile Company incident, Bishop Stephen Kim Sou-hwan hastily made his way to Seoul upon receiving a message from Archbishop Ippolito Rotoli, the papal delegate to Korea. “Congratulations. His Holiness the Pope has appointed you to be the 11th Archbishop of Seoul.” It was, quite literally, a bolt from the blue. Boarding the train back to Masan, he asked both God and himself: “Lord, why do You place upon me a cross too heavy to bear, and send me to a distant and unfamiliar land?”
The bull of Pope Paul VI was dated April 9, 1968, and was officially announced in the afternoon of April 27, simultaneously in Rome and Korea. As a first step, Archbishop Stephen Kim Sou-hwan chose his pastoral motto―“For you and for many(Pro Vobis et Pro Multis)”. The motto originally adopted at the time of his episcopal consecration was adopted with only slight modifications to its Korean phrasing.
His installation as Archbishop of Seoul was held at Myeongdong Cathedral on May 29. In his homily during the inaugural Mass, Archbishop Stephen Kim Sou-hwan spoke the following words, setting the course he would follow:
Four months after his installation as Archbishop of Seoul, on October 6, 1968, Archbishop Stephen Kim Sou-hwan had the honor of attending and concelebrating with the Pope at the Mass for the Beatification of 24 Korean Martyrs of the Byeongin Persecution, held in Rome. However, the domestic political situation at the time was far from favorable. Given the circumstances, he included the following paragraph in the message he issued just before Christmas.
Within a year of becoming Archbishop, Stephen Kim Sou-hwan was created a cardinal by the Pope. At the time, at age 47, he became the first Cardinal of the Catholic Church in Korea and the youngest of more than 130 cardinals worldwide. He would later recall this moment, saying, “Above all, I was delighted that the Catholic Church in Korea had received international recognition within the universal Church”.
The public consistory took place on April 28, 1969, in Rome. A total of thirty three individuals were newly appointed to the College of Cardinals, including Joseph Höffner, who had been his mentor during his studies in Germany. Subsequently, on May 1, Cardinal Stephen Kim Sou-hwan concelebrated a Thanksgiving Mass with His Holiness the Pope at St. Peter’s Basilica in honor of his elevation to the cardinalate. His titular church as a cardinal was San Felice da Cantalice a Centocelle in Rome.[12]
◇ Realizing the Spirit of the Second Vatican Council
It was during his time studying in Germany that Cardinal Stephen Kim Sou-hwan began to seriously reflect on the engagement of the Catholic Church with the real-world issues. Over the course of seven years, while studying Christian Sociology under the guidance of his mentor, Professor Joseph Höffner, and learning the spirit of the Second Vatican Council, he developed a profound interest in the relationship between the Church and society. Through his interactions with Korean miners and nurses sent to Germany, he had the opportunity to put into practice a life of unity between knowledge and action, and he could also feel the winds of change and reform blowing through the Catholic Church. His interactions with the German priests and the discourses on the Vatican Council laid the foundation for his vision and practice of a Church actively engaged with the world. The teachings of Pope John XXIII (reigned 1958-1963), who convened the Vatican Council, also had a significant influence on him.
Cardinal Stephen Kim Sou-hwan, while serving as president of the Catholic Times, carried out the task of reporting on the news of the Council with a strong sense of mission. He believed it was crucial to faithfully convey the spirit of the Council. While reflecting on how the Catholic Church in Korea should evolve and what reforms were necessary, he posed thought-provoking questions to prominent Buddhist monks, Protestant ministers and other prominent social leaders: “What are your thoughts on the Catholic Church?” and “What flaws must be urgently addressed?” He published their critical responses verbatim in the newspaper.[13]
Upon his appointment as the Diocesan bishop of Masan, he emphasized, “Our diocese must strive wholeheartedly to implement the reforms and the pastoral spirit outlined by the Second Vatican Council with the full cooperation of the priests, religious and the faithful.” He particularly highlighted the importance of the spirit of the Council. Similarly, at his Installation as Archbishop of Seoul, he stressed the idea of becoming the “Church in the world,” a message that echoed the same conviction. Cardinal Stephen Kim Sou-hwan firmly believed that the Church exists in the world and for the world, and nothing could ever shake his conviction that the Church must always remain open to the world.[14]
The successful approval of marriage between Catholic and non-Catholics with dispensation at the First Ordinary General Assembly of the Synod of Bishops in 1967, as well as his active involvement in resolving the Ganghwa Shimdo Textile Company incident, were driven by his determination to practice the spirit of the Second Vatican Council. All of this illustrates his efforts to realize social justice while establishing a Church engaged with the real world. Cardinal Stephen Kim Sou-hwan’s fundamental spirit in this regard is clearly reflected in the following statement:
◇ Standing Up to Military Dictatorship
By the 1970s, South Korean society had fallen under the sway of a military dictatorship with ambitions for prolonged rule. On October 17, 1972, a state of emergency was declared along with a special declaration announcing the dissolution of the National Assembly and the suspension of all political parties and political activity. It was the so-called October Yushin incident. It was at this time that Cardinal Stephen Kim Sou-hwan sought to become a voice crying out in the wilderness.
On July 6, 1974, Bishop Daniel Tji Hak-soun of Wonju was arrested upon returning from abroad, accused of providing financial support to an illegal organization. This incident became a catalyst for young priests to form the Catholic Priests’ Association for Justice, and on October 9 of the same year, the National Adult Assembly held at the seminary in Hyehwa-dong, Seoul, turned into a protest condemning the regime and calling for the restoration of constitutional order. While staying in Rome at that time for a meeting, Cardinal Kim Sou-hwan clearly explained the realities of Korean society and the Church’s position to the prelates of the Holy See.
On March 1, 1976, during a joint prayer meeting of Catholic and Protestant leaders held at Myeongdong Cathedral, the Democratic Declaration to Save the Nation was announced, calling for the resignation of the Yushin regime, and those involved were subsequently arrested.. Then, in 1978, the so-called July 6 Incident in Jeonju took place. The incident involved police forcibly entering a church, assaulting the priests, and abandoning one of them in the street. Upon hearing the news, Cardinal Stephen Kim Sou-hwan traveled to Jeonju and made efforts to contain the situation. Around the same time, conservative priests, who had grown increasingly discontent with the activities of the Catholic Priests’ Association for Justice, formed a separate group called the National Salvation Committee of Priests and began voicing a different perspective.[16]
On October 26, 1979, the long-ruling president was assassinated by one of his subordinates, and the military once again seized power. This event became known as the December 12 Military Coup. The following year, beginning on May 18, the citizens of Gwangju launched a democracy movement, demanding the resignation of the military regime and the abolition of martial law. The resulting democratization movement reached its climax with the Park Jong-cheol torture and death incident which occurred on January 14, 1987. It was an attempt by the authorities to cover up the death of a university student, Park Jong-cheol, who died under torture. In a homily for Mass on January 26, Cardinal Stephen Kim Sou-hwan raised his voice in fierce condemnation of the regime’s brutality.
In June 1987, public outrage erupted when another key figure in the military coup was nominated as a presidential candidate. Then, on June 10, after a protest rally, several hundred students and citizens were driven by the police into the grounds of Myeongdong Cathedral. When the police resolved to forcibly take them into custody, Cardinal Stephen Kim Sou-hwan stood in opposition.
In the face of the Cardinal’s resolute stance, the police withdrew their forces and guaranteed the students’ safe return home.
Cardinal Stephen Kim Sou-hwan stood in defiance of the coercive rule and human rights violations carried out under the military regime, through his sermons and public messages to the nation. It was a time when those branded as dissidents by the military regime were arrested and tortured, while clergy and religious figures were beaten or imprisoned, creating an atmosphere of fear and uncertainty. Nevertheless, Cardinal Stephen Kim Sou-hwan’s fearless actions, undeterred by such threats, became a crucial foundation for resisting the regime’s abuses of power and altering the course of the nation.
In fact, Cardinal Stephen Kim Sou-hwan had never considered himself progressive or leftist. Nor had he ever delivered a public message based on political motives or ideological lines. As he himself admitted, it was simply to stand on the side of the poor, the suffering, and those called weak, in order to protect their dignity. He believed that in doing so, he was following the path of Jesus Christ, “who lived among the poor, the sick, and the sinners—and who, in the end, gave even his life on the altar of the Cross.”[19]
◇ Friend to the Oppressed, the Marginalized
As seen in the 1967 Simdo Textile incident in Ganghwa, Cardinal Stephen Kim Sou-hwan showed deep concern for workers’ rights and social justice from early on. When, in 1978, a crisis broke out at Dongil Textile in Incheon, where the human rights of female workers were severely violated, he regarded them as being like the one who fell victim to robbers and lay wounded at the roadside (Luke 10:25–37). He made multiple efforts to protect their rights and interests. On August 20, he convened a prayer meeting at Myeongdong Cathedral and issued a public statement calling for an end to the suppression of workers’ rights.
In the summer of 1979, the Oh Won-chun Incident occurred in Yeongyang, Gyeongsangbuk-do, in which the police abducted and assaulted Alphonsus Oh Won-chun, a member of the Catholic Farmers’ Association, after he successfully secured compensation for damages, fearing it might spark a broader farmers’ compensation movement. In response, a protest rally was held in the diocese of Andong, but the police arrested several priests and cracked down on the Catholic Farmers’ Association. Upon hearing the news, Cardinal Stephen Kim Sou-hwan immediately traveled to Andong, where he strongly condemned the government’s repression of the farmers’ movement.[20]
During the 1970s, Cardinal Stephen Kim Sou-hwan offered unwavering support and compassion to displaced residents in Yangpyeong-dong, Seoul, and continued his efforts in 1986 for those facing eviction in Sanggye-dong. Following the collapse of the Sampoong Department Store and the Daegu subway fire disaster, he visited the scenes to mourn the victims and share in the sorrow of the bereaved families. He visited Nanjido, then a huge garbage landfill, and the Magdalene House, a shelter for women involved in prostitution, and refugee camps for Vietnamese migrants, to offer comfort to those struggling in hardship. He also personally experienced the struggles of people with disabilities and coal miners. Yet, he confessed with shame that he lacked the courage to live among them.[21]
Cardinal Stephen Kim Sou-hwan deeply grieved over the division and confrontation between North and South Korea. He consistently prayed for the oppressed people of the North. On June 10, 1975, shortly after being appointed as Apostolic Administrator for the Diocese of Pyongyang, he delivered his first message to the North Korean people on the anniversary of the Korean War. In 1977, in his homily during the Mass celebrating the 50th anniversary of the establishment of the Diocese of Pyongyang, he expressed his deep affection for the North.[22] He made efforts to invite North Korean faithful to the 44th International Eucharistic Congress held in Seoul in 1989, and also expressed his willingness to visit North Korea multiple times since 1992.[23] In 1995, he established the Korea Reconciliation Committee of the Archdiocese of Seoul, to take the lead in evangelizing North Korea and supporting its people.
As such, Cardinal Stephen Kim Sou-hwan sought to become a friend and spokesperson for the marginalized and an advocate for the marginalized and the vulnerable, following the example of Christ. This, he firmly believed, was the path to actively engage with reality, in accordance with the spirit of the Second Vatican Council. What would Jesus have done? This was the question Cardinal Stephen constantly asked himself, a prayer that guided him through the turbulent decades of the 1970s and 1980s.
◇ Good Shepherd, Awakened Intellect, Humble Fool
Cardinal Stephen Kim Sou-hwan stepped down as Archbishop of Seoul on April 3, 1998. It was the 30th anniversary of his appointment as Archbishop and his 47th year as a priest.
Over the years, the Catholic Church in Korea strove to offer strength, courage, and a spiritual refuge to those who were “hungry and thirsty, poorly clad and roughly treated, wandering about homeless (1 Corinthians 4:11)”. At the center of all this stood Cardinal Stephen Kim Sou-hwan. He endeavored to uphold social justice, standing against the oppression of the military regime.
In 2007, Cardinal Stephen Kim Sou-hwan wrote the words “A fool” next to a self-portrait. It was a humble acknowledgment that, although he recognized that God was the very embodiment of love and truth, he had lived without fully realizing this truth in his heart. In 2010, Archdiocese of Seoul established The Babonanum Foundation. That same year, the Catholic University of Korea established the Stephen Cardinal Kim Institute and in 2017, at the national level, the Cardinal Stephen Kim Sou-hwan’s Love and Sharing Memorial Park was established in his hometown, Gunwi Gyeongsangbuk-do, to commemorate his life and legacy.
Cardinal Stephen Kim Sou-hwan passed away on February 16, 2009, at the age of 87 and was laid to rest at the Catholic Priests’ Cemetery in Yongin, following a funeral Mass on February 20. In accordance with his pledge to donate his eyes after death, he gave the gift of sight to two individuals. During the five-day mourning period, a steady stream of mourners from across the country gathered at Myeongdong Cathedral, where the Cardinal’s remains were enshrined, and the number of visitors inside and outside of the church exceeded 400,000. He was a religious leader, a revered elder of the times and a moral compass for the nation, who was loved and respected not only by Catholics but also by the entire Korean people. Just as his episcopal motto “for you and for many (Pro vobis et pro multis)” declared, he lived as a good shepherd and a truly awakened intellect.
- [1]Oral statement by Kim Sou-hwan, edited by Kim Won-cheol. The Story of Cardinal Kim Sou-Hwan (Revised Edition), Catholic Peace Broadcasting Corporation, 2009, pp. 50-56.
- [2]Ibid pp. 57-64.
- [3]Geppert (1904-2002) : A German Jesuit missionary, who arrived in Korea in 1954 and served as the inaugural chairman of the board of directors of Sogang University, which was established on April 18, 1960.
- [4]The Story of Cardinal Kim Sou-Hwan (Revised Edition), pp. 80-97, 109-123, 125-135.
- [5]Ibid., pp. 138-143, 148-158.
- [6]Ibid., 163-172.
- [7]Ibid., 173-176.
- [8]Compilation Committee for Complete Collection of Cardinal Stephen Kim Sou-hwan, Complete Collection of Cardinal Stephen Kim Sou-hwan Vol. 17 ‘“Grains of Words”, Catholic Publishing House, 2001, pp. 250-251.
- [9]The Story of Cardinal Kim Sou-Hwan (Revised Edition), pp. 186-203.
- [10]Ibid., p.211.
- [11]Ibid., p.218.
- [12]Ibid., pp. 206-211, 223-227, 230-235.
- [13]Ibid., pp. 168-177.
- [14]Ibid., pp. 190-195, p.211. Cardinal Stephen Kim Sou-hwan’s perception of Church’s social role is clearly reflected in the discussions of “Why the Church Cannot Remain Silent on Social Issues”, “The Role of Religion in Society”, “Religion’s Active Participation in Reality”, and “Life, Our Peace” (Complete Collection of Cardinal Stephen Kim Sou-hwan Vol. 15 “Shepherd of the Time 1”, pp. 92-95, 307-312, 468-473, 650-651).
- [15]Complete Collection of Cardinal Stephen Kim Sou-hwan Vol. 12 “The Korean Catholic Church and Evangelization of Korean People”, p. 403.
- [16]The Story of Cardinal Kim Sou-Hwan (Revised Edition), pp. 256-270, 281-289.
- [17]Ibid., p. 368.
- [18]Ibid., p. 370.
- [19]“The Story of Cardinal Kim Sou-Hwan” 37, The Peace Times Vol. 760, February 15, 2004; Ibid., p. 271.
- [20]Ibid., p. 291-300.
- [21]“The Story of Cardinal Kim Sou-Hwan” 51, The Peace Times Vol. 774, May 23, 2004; “The Story of Cardinal Kim Sou-Hwan, and After”, The Peace Times Vol. 921, May 20, 2007.
- [22]Complete Collection of Cardinal Stephen Kim Sou-hwan Vol. 12 “The Korean Catholic Church and Evangelization of Korean People”, pp.333-335. ; Catholic Times No. 1084, December 11, 1977.
- [23]Complete Collection of Cardinal Stephen Kim Sou-hwan Vol. 15 “Shepherd of the Time 1”, pp. 600-601, 612.; Complete Collection of Cardinal Stephen Kim Sou-hwan Vol. 16 “Shepherd of the Time 2”, pp. 81-90.